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Abstract. We report the results of amino acid racemization (AAR) analyses of aspartic acid (Asp)and glutamic acid (Glu) in the planktic Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, and the benthic Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, foraminifera species collected from sediment cores from the Arctic Ocean. The cores were retrieved at various deep-sea sites of the Arctic, which cover a large geographical area from the Greenland and Iceland seas (GIS) to the Alpha and Lomonosov ridges in the central Arctic Ocean. Age models for the investigated sediments were developed by multiple dating and correlation techniques, including oxygen isotope stratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, and cyclostratigraphy. The extent of racemization (D/L values) was determined on 95 samples (1028 subsamples) and shows a progressive increase downcore for both foraminifera species. Differences in the rates of racemization between the species were established by analysing specimens of both species from the same stratigraphic levels (n=21). Aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu) racemize on average 16 ± 2 % and 23 ± 3 % faster, respectively, in C. wuellerstorfi than in N. pachyderma. The D/L values increase with sample age in nearly all cases, with a trend that follows a simple power function. Scatter around least-squares regression fits are larger for samples from the central Arctic Ocean than for those from the Nordic Seas. Calibrating the rate of racemization in C. wuellerstorfi using independently dated samples from the Greenland and Iceland seas for the past 400 ka enables estimation of sample ages from the central Arctic Ocean, where bottom water temperatures are presently relatively similar. The resulting ages are older than expected when considering the existing age models for the central Arctic Ocean cores. These results confirm that the differences are not due to taxonomic effects on AAR and further warrant a critical evaluation of existing Arctic Ocean age models. A better understanding of temperature histories at the investigated sites, and other environmental factors that may influence racemization rates in central Arctic Ocean sediments, is also needed.

 

Abstract. The northern sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet is considered to beparticularly susceptible to ice mass loss arising from increased glacierdischarge in the coming decades. However, the past extent and dynamics ofoutlet glaciers in this region, and hence their vulnerability to climatechange, are poorly documented. In the summer of 2019, the Swedish icebreakerOden entered the previously unchartered waters of Sherard Osborn Fjord, whereRyder Glacier drains approximately 2 % of Greenland's ice sheet into theLincoln Sea. Here we reconstruct the Holocene dynamics of Ryder Glacier andits ice tongue by combining radiocarbon dating with sedimentary faciesanalyses along a 45 km transect of marine sediment cores collected betweenthe modern ice tongue margin and the mouth of the fjord. The resultsillustrate that Ryder Glacier retreated from a grounded position at thefjord mouth during the Early Holocene (> 10.7±0.4 ka cal BP) and receded more than 120 km to the end of Sherard Osborn Fjord by theMiddle Holocene (6.3±0.3 ka cal BP), likely becoming completelyland-based. A re-advance of Ryder Glacier occurred in the Late Holocene,becoming marine-based around 3.9±0.4 ka cal BP. An ice tongue,similar in extent to its current position was established in the LateHolocene (between 3.6±0.4 and 2.9±0.4 ka cal BP) andextended to its maximum historical position near the fjord mouth around 0.9±0.3 ka cal BP. Laminated, clast-poor sediments were deposited duringthe entire retreat and regrowth phases, suggesting the persistence of an icetongue that only collapsed when the glacier retreated behind a prominenttopographic high at the landward end of the fjord. Sherard Osborn Fjordnarrows inland, is constrained by steep-sided cliffs, contains a number ofbathymetric pinning points that also shield the modern ice tongue andgrounding zone from warm Atlantic waters, and has a shallowing inlandsub-ice topography. These features are conducive to glacier stability andcan explain the persistence of Ryder's ice tongue while the glacier remainedmarine-based. However, the physiography of the fjord did not halt thedramatic retreat of Ryder Glacier under the relatively mild changes inclimate forcing during the Holocene. Presently, Ryder Glacier is groundedmore than 40 km seaward of its inferred position during the Middle Holocene,highlighting the potential for substantial retreat in response to ongoingclimate change. 

Abstract. Amino acid racemization (AAR) geochronology is a powerful tool for datingQuaternary marine sediments across the globe, yet its application to ArcticOcean sediments has been limited. Anomalous rates of AAR in foraminiferafrom the central Arctic were reported in previously published studies,indicating that either the rate of racemization is higher in this area, orinaccurate age models were used to constrain the sediment ages. This studyinvestigates racemization rates in foraminifera from three well-datedsediment cores taken from the Yermak Plateau during the 2015 TRANSSIZ (TRansitions in the Arctic Seasonal Sea Ice Zone) expedition on RV Polarstern. D and L isomers of the amino acids asparticacid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu) were separated in samples of theplanktic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma and the benthic species Cassidulina neoteretis to quantify the extent ofracemization. In total, 241 subsamples were analysed, extending back tomarine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 7. Two previously published powerfunctions, which relate the extent of racemization of Asp and Glu inforaminifera to sample age are revisited, and a comparison is made betweenthe ages predicted by these calibrated age equations and independentgeochronological constraints available for the cores. Our analyses reveal anexcellent match between ages predicted by a global compilation ofracemization rates for N. pachyderma and confirm that a proposed Arctic-specificcalibration curve is not applicable at the Yermak Plateau. These resultsgenerally support the rates of AAR determined for other cold bottom watersites and further highlight the anomalous nature of the purportedly highrate of racemization indicated by previous analyses of central Arcticsediments.